Kuyendera zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri

Mafakitale osapanga dzimbiri amatulutsa mitundu yonse yazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, ndipo zoyeserera zamitundu yonse (mayeso) ziyenera kuchitidwa molingana ndi miyezo yofananira ndi zolemba zaukadaulo musanachoke ku fakitale. Kuyesera kwasayansi ndi maziko a chitukuko cha sayansi ndi luso lamakono, kumasonyeza msinkhu wa chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zamakono, ndipo ndi njira yofunikira yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zamakono. Gwiritsani ntchito njira zingapo zogwirira ntchito kuti muyang'ane mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zamalizidwa pang'ono ndi zinthu zomalizidwa, ndipo kuwunika kuyenera kuwonedwa ngati njira yofunika kwambiri popanga.

Kuyang'anira khalidwe lachitsulo kuli ndi tanthauzo lalikulu lothandizira kutsogolera mafakitale azitsulo kuti apititse patsogolo luso la kupanga, kupititsa patsogolo khalidwe la mankhwala, kupanga zinthu zachitsulo zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo, ndikuwongolera ogwiritsa ntchito kusankha zipangizo zachitsulo moyenerera malinga ndi zotsatira zoyendera, ndikuchita kuzizira, kukonza kutentha ndi kutentha kutentha molondola.

1 Muyezo woyendera

Miyezo yoyendera njira yachitsulo imaphatikizapo kusanthula kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala, kuyang'ana kwa macroscopic, kuyang'ana kwazitsulo, kuyang'anira kachitidwe ka makina, kuyang'anira magwiridwe antchito, kuyang'anira magwiridwe antchito, kuyang'anira magwiridwe antchito amankhwala, kuyang'anira kosawononga komanso kuyesa njira zoyezera kutentha, ndi zina. Njira iliyonse yoyesera imatha kugawidwa m'njira zingapo mpaka khumi ndi ziwiri.

2 Zinthu zoyendera

Chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosapanga dzimbiri zosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu zoyendera zofunika ndizosiyananso. Zinthu zoyendera zimachokera kuzinthu zingapo kupita kuzinthu khumi ndi ziwiri. Chitsulo chilichonse chosapanga dzimbiri chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala chimodzi ndi chimodzi molingana ndi zinthu zoyendera zomwe zafotokozedwa mumikhalidwe yofananira yaukadaulo. Chilichonse chowunikira chiyenera kukhala Kukhazikitsa Mwanzeru miyezo yoyendera.

Zotsatirazi ndizofotokozera mwachidule za zinthu zoyendera ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.

(1) Mapangidwe a Chemical:Gulu lililonse lachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri lili ndi mankhwala enaake, omwe ndi gawo lalikulu la zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamakemikolo muzitsulo. Kutsimikizira kapangidwe ka chitsulo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazitsulo. Pokhapokha popenda mankhwala omwe angadziwike ngati mankhwala amtundu wina wachitsulo amakwaniritsa muyeso.

(2) Kuwunika kwa macroscopic:Kuyang'ana kwa macroscopic ndi njira yowonera chitsulo pamwamba kapena gawo ndi diso lamaliseche kapena galasi lokulitsa osaposa ka 10 kuti muwone zolakwika zake zamapangidwe. Zomwe zimatchedwanso kuwunika kwa minofu yotsika, pali njira zambiri zowunikira, kuphatikiza kuyesa kwa acid leaching, kuyesa kusindikiza kwa sulfure, ndi zina zambiri.

Acid leaching test ingasonyeze porosity wamba, porosity chapakati, ingot segregation, mfundo tsankho, subcutaneous thovu, otsalira shrinkage patsekeke, khungu kutembenukira, mawanga oyera, axial intergranular ming'alu, thovu mkati, non-metallic inclusions (zowoneka ndi maso) Ndipo slag inclusions, etc.

(3) Kuyang'ana kapangidwe ka Metallographic:Izi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu ya metallographic kuti muyang'ane mawonekedwe amkati ndi zolakwika muzitsulo. Kuwunika kwazitsulo kumaphatikizapo kutsimikiza kwa kukula kwambewu ya austenite, kuyang'ana kwazitsulo zopanda zitsulo muzitsulo, kuyang'anitsitsa kuya kwa decarburization wosanjikiza, ndi kuyang'anira kugawanika kwa mankhwala muzitsulo, ndi zina zotero.

(4) Kulimba:Kuuma ndi chizindikiro choyezera kufewa ndi kuuma kwa zida zachitsulo, ndipo ndi kuthekera kwazitsulo kukana kupunduka kwa pulasitiki. Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera, kuuma kumatha kugawidwa m'mitundu ingapo monga Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, Vickers hardness, Shore hardness ndi microhardness. Kukula kwakugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera kuuma uku ndikosiyananso. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Brinell hardness test method ndi Rockwell hardness test.

(5) Tensile test:Zonse zamphamvu ndi index ya pulasitiki zimayesedwa ndi kuyesa kwamphamvu kwa zitsanzo za zinthu. Zambiri zamayeso oyeserera ndiye maziko akulu pakusankha zida mu kapangidwe ka uinjiniya ndi kapangidwe ka magawo opangira makina.

Zizindikiro zamphamvu za kutentha kwanthawi zonse zimaphatikizanso zokolola (kapena kutsindika kosagwirizana ndi kutalika) ndi mphamvu zamakomedwe. Zizindikiro zamphamvu za kutentha kwakukulu zimaphatikizapo mphamvu zokwawa, mphamvu yopirira, kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumatchulidwa kupsinjika kosagwirizana ndi kutalika, etc.

(6) Kuyesa kwamphamvu:Kuyesa kwamphamvu kumatha kuyeza mphamvu yamayamwidwe azinthu. Zomwe zimatchedwa mphamvu ya mayamwidwe ndi mphamvu yomwe imatengedwa pamene kuyesa kwa mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake kumasweka pansi pa chikoka. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimatengedwa ndi chinthu, zimakweza mphamvu zake zokana kukhudzidwa.

(7) Kuyesa kosawononga:Kuyesa kosawononga kumatchedwanso kuyesa kosawononga. Ndi njira yowunikira kuti azindikire zolakwika zamkati ndikuweruza mtundu wawo, kukula kwake, mawonekedwe ndi malo awo popanda kuwononga kukula ndi kukhulupirika kwadongosolo la magawo apangidwe.

(8) Kuyang'ana zolakwika zapamtunda:Izi ndi kuyendera pamwamba zitsulo ndi subcutaneous zolakwika zake. Zomwe zimayendera pamwamba pazitsulo ndikuyang'ana zolakwika zapamtunda monga ming'alu ya pamwamba, slag inclusions, kusowa kwa okosijeni, kuluma kwa okosijeni, kupukuta, ndi zokopa.