Ukuhlolwa kwensimbi engagqwali

Izimboni zensimbi ezingenasici zikhiqiza zonke izinhlobo zensimbi engagqwali, futhi zonke izinhlobo zokuhlola (ukuhlolwa) kufanele zenziwe ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso ezihambisanayo kanye nemibhalo yezobuchwepheshe ngaphambi kokushiya imboni. Ukuhlola isayensi kuyisisekelo sokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, kuphawula izinga lokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, futhi kuyindlela ebalulekile yokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Sebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisebenzayo ukuhlola ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo eseqediwe kancane kanye nemikhiqizo eqediwe, futhi inqubo yokuhlola kufanele ithathwe njengenqubo ebalulekile enqubweni yokukhiqiza.

Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yensimbi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuqondiswe izimboni ze-metallurgical ukuze ziqhubeke zithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yensimbi ehlangabezana nezindinganiso, futhi kuqondise abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhethe izinto zensimbi ngendlela enengqondo ngokwemiphumela yokuhlolwa, futhi benze ukucubungula okubandayo, ukushisa nokwelashwa ngokushisa ngendlela efanele.

1 Indinganiso yokuhlola

Izindinganiso zendlela yokuhlola insimbi ihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukuhlolwa kwe-macroscopic, ukuhlolwa kwe-metallographic, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwemishini, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwenqubo, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza komzimba, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwamakhemikhali, ukuhlola okungonakali kanye namazinga ezindlela zokuhlola ukwelashwa kokushisa, njll. Indlela yokuhlola ngayinye ingahlukaniswa ibe izindlela eziningana zokuhlola eziyishumi nambili.

2 Izinto zokuhlola

Ngenxa yemikhiqizo ehlukene yensimbi engagqwali, izinto zokuhlola ezidingekayo nazo zihlukile. Izinto zokuhlola zisukela ezintweni ezimbalwa kuye kwezingaphezu kweshumi nambili. Umkhiqizo ngamunye wensimbi engagqwali kufanele uhlolwe ngokucophelela ngamunye ngamunye ngokuvumelana nezinto zokuhlola ezichazwe ezimweni zobuchwepheshe ezihambisanayo. Into ngayinye yokuhlola kufanele isetshenziswe Ngokucophelelayo kwamazinga okuhlola.

Okulandelayo isingeniso esifushane sezinto zokuhlola kanye nezinkomba ezihlobene nensimbi engagqwali.

(1) Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali:Ibanga ngalinye lensimbi engagqwali linokwakheka kwamakhemikhali athile, okuyingxenyana enkulu yezinto ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali ensimbi. Ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi kuyisidingo esiyisisekelo sensimbi. Kuphela ngokuhlaziya ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kunganqunywa ukuthi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ebanga elithile lensimbi kuyahlangabezana yini nendinganiso.

(2) Ukuhlolwa kwe-Macroscopic:Ukuhlolwa kwe-Macroscopic kuyindlela yokuhlola ingaphezulu lensimbi noma ingxenye ngeso lenyama noma ngengilazi yokukhulisa izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyi-10 ukuze kutholwe ukukhubazeka kwayo kwesakhiwo esikhulu. Okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa kwezicubu ezikhulisa kancane, kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlola, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-acid leaching, ukuhlolwa kokuphrinta isibabule, njll.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Acid leaching kungabonisa i-porosity evamile, i-porosity ephakathi, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-ingot, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaphuzu, ama-bubbles angaphansi kwe-subcutaneous, i-residual shrinkage cavity, ukuguqulwa kwesikhumba, amabala amhlophe, ama-axial intergranular cracks, ama-bubbles angaphakathi, ama-non-metallic inclusions (okubonakala ngeso lenyama) Futhi ukufakwa kwe-slag, njll kuye kwaba ne-slag, njll.

(3) Ukuhlolwa kwesakhiwo se-metallographic:Lokhu okokusebenzisa isibonakhulu se-metallographic ukuhlola ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kanye namaphutha ensimbi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-metallographic kuhlanganisa ukunqunywa kosayizi wokusanhlamvu kwe-austenite, ukuhlolwa kokufakwa okungeyona insimbi ensimbi, ukuhlolwa kokujula kongqimba lwe-decarburization, nokuhlolwa kokuhlukaniswa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi, njll.

(4) Ukuqina:Ukuqina kuyinkomba yokukala ukuthamba nobulukhuni bezinto zensimbi, futhi yikhono lezinto zensimbi ukumelana nokuguquguquka kwepulasitiki yendawo. Ngokwezindlela ezihlukene zokuhlola, ubulukhuni bungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana ezifana nokuqina kweBrinell, ukuqina kwe-Rockwell, ukuqina kwe-Vickers, ukuqina koShore kanye nokuqina okuncane. Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela zokuhlola ubulukhuni buhlukile. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yindlela yokuhlola ubulukhuni be-Brinell kanye nendlela yokuhlola ubulukhuni be-Rockwell.

(5) Ukuhlolwa kwe-tensile:Kokubili inkomba yamandla kanye nenkomba yepulasitiki kukalwa ngokuhlolwa okuqinile kwesampula yezinto ezibonakalayo. Idatha yokuhlolwa okuqinile iyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokukhetha izinto zokwakha ekwakhiweni kobunjiniyela kanye nokwakhiwa kwezingxenye zokwenziwa kwemishini.

Izinkomba zamandla okushisa ajwayelekile zifaka iphuzu lokuvunwa (noma ingcindezi yobude obungalingani) namandla okuqina. Izinkomba zamandla okushisa aphezulu zihlanganisa amandla okunwabuzelayo, amandla akhuthazelayo, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu elicaciswe ingcindezi yobude obungalingani, njll.

(6) Ukuhlolwa komthelela:Ukuhlolwa komthelela kungakala amandla okumunca womthelela wento. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amandla amunca umthelela amandla amuncwa lapho ukuhlolwa komumo othile nosayizi kuphuka ngaphansi komthelela. Lapho amandla omthelela amuncwa into ethile, aba namandla awo okumelana nomthelela.

(7) Ukuhlola okungabhubhisi:Ukuhlola okungabhubhisi nakho kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlola okungabhubhisi. Kuyindlela yokuhlola ukuthola amaphutha angaphakathi nokwahlulela uhlobo lwazo, ubukhulu, ukuma nendawo ngaphandle kokucekela phansi usayizi nobuqotho besakhiwo sezingxenye zesakhiwo.

(8) Ukuhlolwa kokonakala kwendawo:Lokhu okokuhlola indawo yensimbi kanye neziphambeko zayo ezingaphansi kwesikhumba. Okuqukethwe kokuhlolwa kwendawo yensimbi ukuhlola ukonakala kwendawo njengokuqhekeka kwendawo, ukufakwa kwe-slag, ukuntuleka komoyampilo, ukulunywa komoyampilo, ukuxebuka, nokuklwebheka.